Back to Resources

Czech Declension Paradigms

Czech has 14 standard noun declension paradigms, organized by gender and stem type. Each paradigm is named after a model word whose endings serve as the pattern for all nouns in that group. Learning to identify which paradigm a noun belongs to is the key to declining it correctly.

How to find the right paradigm

  1. 1. Determine the gender. Quick rules: consonant ending → masculine, -a → feminine, -o/-í/-e → neuter. Exceptions exist (e.g. táta is masculine), so check a dictionary if unsure.
  2. 2. For masculine nouns, check if the noun is animate (living being) or inanimate (thing/concept).
  3. 3. Look at the ending of the nominative singular. This usually tells you the paradigm directly.
Masculine 6 paradigms

pán

Hard Masculine Animate

Masculine animate nouns ending in a hard consonant (d, h, k, n, r, t…). The nominative singular has a zero ending (bare stem).

Show declension for

CaseSingularPlural
1. Nominativepánpáni/pánové
2. Genitivepánapánů
3. Dativepánovi/pánupánům
4. Accusativepánapány
5. Vocativepane!páni/pánové!
6. Locativepánovi/pánupánech
7. Instrumentalpánempány
Note: Vocative singular takes -e, with r softening to ř (bratr→bratře). After velars k, g, h, ch, the ending is -u instead (žák→žáku, kluk→kluku, biolog→biologu) — člověk→člověče is the main exception. Accusative singular always matches genitive for animate nouns.
Practice this paradigm

muž

Soft Masculine Animate

Masculine animate nouns ending in a soft consonant (ž, š, č, ř, c, j, ň, ď, ť) or -tel, -ec.

Show declension for

CaseSingularPlural
1. Nominativemužmuži/mužové
2. Genitivemužemužů
3. Dativemuži/mužovimužům
4. Accusativemužemuže
5. Vocativemuži!muži/mužové!
6. Locativemuži/mužovimužích
7. Instrumentalmužemmuži
Note: The soft paradigm uses -e/-i endings instead of -a/-u. Locative plural takes -ích (not -ech like hard stems).
Practice this paradigm

předseda

Masculine Animate ending in -a

Masculine animate nouns that end in -a in nominative singular. These look feminine but refer to male persons.

Show declension for

CaseSingularPlural
1. Nominativepředsedapředsedové
2. Genitivepředsedypředsedů
3. Dativepředsedovipředsedům
4. Accusativepředsedupředsedy
5. Vocativepředsedo!předsedové!
6. Locativepředsedovipředsedech
7. Instrumentalpředsedoupředsedy
Note: Despite the -a ending, these are grammatically masculine. Adjectives and verbs agree in masculine form: "dobrý kolega", not "dobrá kolega".
Practice this paradigm

soudce

Masculine Animate ending in -e

Masculine animate nouns ending in -ce or -e that denote male persons. A small but important group.

Show declension for

CaseSingularPlural
1. Nominativesoudcesoudci/soudcové
2. Genitivesoudcesoudců
3. Dativesoudci/soudcovisoudcům
4. Accusativesoudcesoudce
5. Vocativesoudce!soudci/soudcové!
6. Locativesoudci/soudcovisoudcích
7. Instrumentalsoudcemsoudci
Note: Nominative, genitive, accusative, and vocative singular are all identical ("soudce"), so context is crucial.
Practice this paradigm

hrad

Hard Masculine Inanimate

Masculine inanimate nouns ending in a hard consonant. The key difference from "pán": accusative singular equals nominative (not genitive).

Show declension for

CaseSingularPlural
1. Nominativehradhrady
2. Genitivehraduhradů
3. Dativehraduhradům
4. Accusativehradhrady
5. Vocativehrade!hrady!
6. Locativehradě/hraduhradech
7. Instrumentalhrademhrady
Note: Locative singular can take -ě or -u — some nouns prefer one or the other. Consonant changes occur before -ě: d→ď, t→ť, n→ň, h→z, k→c, r→ř.
Practice this paradigm

stroj

Soft Masculine Inanimate

Masculine inanimate nouns ending in a soft consonant (ž, š, č, ř, c, j) or sometimes -l.

Show declension for

CaseSingularPlural
1. Nominativestrojstroje
2. Genitivestrojestrojů
3. Dativestrojistrojům
4. Accusativestrojstroje
5. Vocativestroji!stroje!
6. Locativestrojistrojích
7. Instrumentalstrojemstroji
Note: Dative, vocative, and locative singular are all identical (-i). Instrumental plural is -i (not -y like hard stems).
Practice this paradigm
Feminine 4 paradigms

žena

Feminine ending in -a (hard)

Feminine nouns ending in -a after a hard consonant. The most common feminine paradigm.

Show declension for

CaseSingularPlural
1. Nominativeženaženy
2. Genitiveženyžen
3. Dativeženěženám
4. Accusativeženuženy
5. Vocativeženo!ženy!
6. Locativeženěženách
7. Instrumentalženouženami
Note: Dative and locative singular are identical (-ě). Consonant changes before -ě: k→c (matka→matce), h→z, r→ř, d→ď, t→ť, n→ň.
Practice this paradigm

růže

Feminine ending in -e (soft)

Feminine nouns ending in -e, -ě, or a soft consonant + e. Also includes nouns ending in -ice, -ance, -ence.

Show declension for

CaseSingularPlural
1. Nominativerůžerůže
2. Genitiverůžerůží
3. Dativerůžirůžím
4. Accusativerůžirůže
5. Vocativerůže!růže!
6. Locativerůžirůžích
7. Instrumentalrůžírůžemi
Note: Many forms look the same (nominative = genitive = vocative singular). Context and prepositions are key to telling cases apart.
Practice this paradigm

píseň

Feminine ending in soft consonant

Feminine nouns ending in a soft consonant (-ň, -ď, -ť, -ř, -j) — typically with -eň, -áň, -seň.

Show declension for

CaseSingularPlural
1. Nominativepíspísně
2. Genitivepíspísní
3. Dativepísnipísním
4. Accusativepíspísně
5. Vocativepísni!písně!
6. Locativepísnipísních
7. Instrumentalpíspísněmi
Note: Accusative singular equals nominative (unlike žena-type). The -ň/-ď/-ť may lose its háček before -e: píseň→písně.
Practice this paradigm

kost

Feminine ending in hard consonant

Feminine nouns ending in -st, -c (after a vowel), or other hard consonants. A smaller paradigm.

Show declension for

CaseSingularPlural
1. Nominativekostkosti
2. Genitivekostikostí
3. Dativekostikostem
4. Accusativekostkosti
5. Vocativekosti!kosti!
6. Locativekostikostech
7. Instrumentalkostíkostmi
Note: Genitive, dative, vocative, and locative singular are all -i — very uniform. Instrumental plural is the distinctive -mi ending.
Practice this paradigm
Neuter 4 paradigms

město

Neuter ending in -o

Neuter nouns ending in -o. The most common neuter paradigm. Nominative = accusative = vocative.

Show declension for

CaseSingularPlural
1. Nominativeměstoměsta
2. Genitiveměstaměst
3. Dativeměstuměstům
4. Accusativeměstoměsta
5. Vocativeměsto!města!
6. Locativeměstě/městuměstech
7. Instrumentalměstemměsty
Note: Locative singular can take -ě or -u. Genitive plural is often a bare stem (zero ending), which sometimes requires a fleeting -e- vowel: okno→oken.
Practice this paradigm

moře

Neuter ending in -e

Neuter nouns ending in -e after a soft consonant. Also includes -ce words (srdce, vejce).

Show declension for

CaseSingularPlural
1. Nominativemořemoře
2. Genitivemořemoří
3. Dativemořimořím
4. Accusativemořemoře
5. Vocativemoře!moře!
6. Locativemořimořích
7. Instrumentalmořemmoři
Note: Nominative, genitive, accusative, and vocative singular all look the same. Very similar to feminine růže in ending patterns.
Practice this paradigm

kuře

Neuter ending in -e/-ě (with -ete expansion)

Neuter nouns (often young beings) ending in -e/-ě that expand with -et- in oblique cases and -at- in plural.

Show declension for

CaseSingularPlural
1. Nominativekuřekuřata
2. Genitivekuřetekuřat
3. Dativekuřetikuřatům
4. Accusativekuřekuřata
5. Vocativekuře!kuřata!
6. Locativekuřetikuřatech
7. Instrumentalkuřetemkuřaty
Note: The stem expansion is the key feature: kuře→kuřete (sg), kuřata (pl). This paradigm is used for young animals (kotě, štěně) and some other nouns.
Practice this paradigm

stavení

Neuter ending in -í

Neuter nouns ending in -í. Very easy — almost all forms are identical to the nominative.

Show declension for

CaseSingularPlural
1. Nominativestavenístavení
2. Genitivestavenístavení
3. Dativestavenístavením
4. Accusativestavenístavení
5. Vocativestavení!stavení!
6. Locativestavenístaveních
7. Instrumentalstavenímstaveními
Note: The most regular paradigm: only instrumental singular (-ím) and plural forms (-ím, -ích, -ími) differ from the base form.
Practice this paradigm